Acid-Base Balance Practice Questions: ABG Concepts

1. Question 1
   • A low hydrogen ion concentration
   • An increased hydrogen ion concentration
   • An increased bicarbonate concentration
   • A reduced carbon dioxide concentration
2. Question 2
   • Bicarbonate ions
   • Hydrogen ions
   • Oxygen molecules
   • Hemoglobin molecules
3. Question 3
   • HCO3
   • SaO2
   • Serum potassium
   • PaCO2
4. Question 4
   • PaCO2
   • HCO3
   • SaO2
   • PaO2
5. Question 5
   • 15–25 mmHg
   • 35–45 mmHg
   • 25–35 mmHg
   • 45–55 mmHg
6. Question 6
   • 75–85%
   • 90–94%
   • 85–90%
   • 95–100%
7. Question 7
   • Retaining carbon dioxide and excreting oxygen
   • Retaining bicarbonate and excreting hydrogen ions
   • Excreting bicarbonate and retaining hydrogen ions
   • Excreting oxygen and retaining bicarbonate
8. Question 8
   • Excreting bicarbonate
   • Increasing carbon dioxide removal
   • Retaining bicarbonate
   • Excreting hydrogen ions
9. Question 9
   • Both systems respond at the same speed.
   • The kidneys act rapidly, whereas the lungs act gradually.
   • The lungs act rapidly, whereas the kidneys respond more gradually.
   • Only the kidneys can change blood pH.
10. Question 10
    • Less bicarbonate is filtered and pH falls.
    • More carbon dioxide is retained and pH falls.
    • More carbon dioxide is removed and pH rises.
    • Less oxygen is removed and pH remains unchanged.
11. Question 11
    • Pressure is applied to both wrist arteries, then ulnar pressure is released to assess hand perfusion.
    • Both arteries are released simultaneously to measure venous return.
    • Pressure is applied only to the ulnar artery to measure oxygen saturation.
    • The radial artery is punctured before circulation to the hand is assessed.
12. Question 12
    • pH 7.40 and PaO2 55 mmHg
    • pH 7.40 and PaO2 90 mmHg
    • pH 7.30 and PaO2 90 mmHg
    • pH 7.50 and PaO2 105 mmHg
13. Question 13
    • HCO3
    • PaCO2
    • PaO2
    • pH
14. Question 14
    • pH 7.30, PaCO2 52 mmHg
    • pH 7.50, PaCO2 30 mmHg
    • pH 7.50, HCO3 30 mEq/L
    • pH 7.30, HCO3 18 mEq/L
15. Question 15
    • A decreased oxygen saturation
    • An elevated arterial pH
    • A decreased bicarbonate level in the blood
    • An elevated carbon dioxide level in the blood
16. Question 16
    • Rapid, deep breathing
    • Severe diarrhea
    • Prolonged vomiting
    • Shallow hypoventilation after sedation
17. Question 17
    • PaCO2 decreases and pH increases.
    • PaCO2 decreases and HCO3 decreases immediately.
    • PaCO2 increases and pH decreases.
    • PaCO2 remains unchanged and pH increases.
18. Question 18
    • Daytime sluggishness
    • Increased bicarbonate excretion as the defining sign
    • Persistent high arterial pH
    • Severe hypokalemia only
19. Question 19
    • Isolated increased appetite
    • Delirium and decreasing level of consciousness
    • An elevated pH with low PaCO2
    • Improved concentration and alertness
20. Question 20
    • SaO2 is always abnormal in respiratory acidosis.
    • SaO2 can remain normal even when carbon dioxide is elevated.
    • SaO2 measures bicarbonate rather than oxygen.
    • SaO2 directly measures renal acid excretion.
21. Question 21
    • Renal retention of HCO3 over time
    • Renal excretion of additional HCO3 as the primary response
    • Immediate normalization of PaCO2 by the kidneys
    • Rapid renal compensation with a normal HCO3
22. Question 22
    • Acute respiratory acidosis may cause mental status changes because adaptation has not yet occurred.
    • Chronic respiratory acidosis is never associated with elevated PaCO2.
    • Acute respiratory acidosis allows more time for renal adaptation.
    • Chronic respiratory acidosis is caused only by hyperventilation.
23. Question 23
    • Dizziness, paresthesias, and palpitations
    • Vomiting, high bicarbonate, and slow renal response
    • Severe diarrhea, low bicarbonate, and ketones
    • Hypersomnolence, headache, and hypercapnia
24. Question 24
    • Anxiety or panic
    • Severe bicarbonate loss from diarrhea
    • Opioid-induced hypoventilation
    • Prolonged nasogastric suctioning
25. Question 25
    • Increased PaCO2 with decreased pH
    • Decreased PaCO2 with increased pH
    • Decreased pH with a normal PaCO2 as the defining change
    • Increased HCO3 with decreased pH
26. Question 26
    • Use paper-bag rebreathing routinely without monitoring oxygenation.
    • Encourage rapid chest breathing to remove more carbon dioxide.
    • Instruct the person to hold their breath for several minutes.
    • Emphasize slow diaphragmatic breathing with greater abdominal movement.
27. Question 27
    • Encourage progressively faster breathing to remove more carbon dioxide
    • Use reassurance and diaphragmatic breathing retraining while considering the underlying cause
    • Assume the symptoms are anxiety-related and stop further assessment
    • Encourage paper-bag rebreathing without oxygen saturation monitoring
28. Question 28
    • pH 7.50 and PaCO2 30 mmHg
    • pH 7.30 and HCO3 18 mEq/L
    • pH 7.30 and PaCO2 52 mmHg
    • pH 7.50 and HCO3 30 mEq/L
29. Question 29
    • Retention of bicarbonate causing metabolic alkalosis
    • Accumulation of ketone acids causing metabolic acidosis
    • Excessive carbon dioxide removal causing respiratory alkalosis
    • Loss of gastric hydrogen ions causing metabolic alkalosis
30. Question 30
    • It causes excessive bicarbonate retention immediately.
    • It can cause lactic acid accumulation.
    • It causes gastric hydrogen ion loss.
    • It removes too much carbon dioxide through hyperventilation as the primary disorder.

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