Biology Essentials

1. Question 1
   • Deductive reasoning, because she started with a general principle about light and plant growth.
   • Analogical reasoning, because she compared plant growth to other organisms.
   • Inductive reasoning, because she generalized a pattern from specific observations.
   • Reductive reasoning, because she broke the problem down into smaller parts.
2. Question 2
   • It serves as the control group to provide a baseline for comparison.
   • It serves as the experimental group to measure the effect of water.
   • It serves as the dependent variable, as its growth depends on the fertilizer.
   • It serves as the independent variable, as water is being manipulated.
3. Question 3
   • A bacterium dividing to form two daughter cells.
   • A human body sweating to cool down during exercise.
   • A plant growing towards a light source.
   • A bird building a nest to attract a mate.
4. Question 4
   • Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
   • Cell → Organelle → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
   • Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organism → Population
   • Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ
5. Question 5
   • It moves away from a chemical stimulus.
   • It contains carbon-based molecules.
   • It produces new cells like itself under suitable conditions.
   • It is small enough to be viewed only with a microscope.
6. Question 6
   • Basic science expands knowledge without immediate practical goals, while applied science aims to solve specific problems.
   • Basic science uses the scientific method, while applied science does not.
   • Basic science is conducted in laboratories, while applied science is conducted in the field.
   • Basic science seeks to solve practical problems, while applied science expands knowledge without immediate application.
7. Question 7
   • A double-blind design where neither patients nor researchers know who gets the drug.
   • A more diverse patient population to test generalizability.
   • A larger sample size to ensure accuracy.
   • A longer study duration to observe long-term effects.
8. Question 8
   • The ability to think and reason.
   • The ability to process energy.
   • The ability to move from one place to another.
   • The ability to photosynthesize.
9. Question 9
   • Repeat the experiment in other labs to verify the results.
   • Publish the results in a popular science magazine.
   • Immediately begin human clinical trials.
   • Apply for a patent on the compound.
10. Question 10
    • The physical appearance of different species.
    • The flow of energy through an ecosystem.
    • The evolutionary relationships among organisms.
    • The geographic distribution of organisms.
11. Question 11
    • Grow cattails in a greenhouse with controlled nitrogen levels and other variables
    • Statistically compare nitrogen levels between the two areas
    • Collect more soil samples from each area to increase sample size
    • Measure additional soil nutrients beyond nitrogen in the field samples
12. Question 12
    • A seed germinates and grows into a seedling after receiving water and sunlight
    • A maple tree produces thousands of seeds in a single season
    • A bacterium divides into two daughter cells every 20 minutes
    • A desert lizard basks in the sun to raise its body temperature after a cool night
13. Question 13
    • Observing that all members of the population interbreed and produce fertile offspring
    • Observing that the organisms are all the same color and size
    • Observing that the organisms live in the same geographic area
    • Observing that the organisms consume the same type of food
14. Question 14
    • 11
    • 23
    • 12
    • 1
15. Question 15
    • It is a nonpolar molecule that repels charged substances.
    • Its polarity allows it to surround and separate ions and polar molecules.
    • Its hydrogen bonds with other water molecules are very strong.
    • It has a low heat capacity, so it doesn't change temperature easily.
16. Question 16
    • Covalent bond
    • Van der Waals interaction
    • Ionic bond
    • Hydrogen bond
17. Question 17
    • It is 100 times lower.
    • It is 2 times higher.
    • It is 100 times higher.
    • It is 20 times higher.
18. Question 18
    • Phosphate group (-PO4)
    • Carboxyl group (-COOH)
    • Amino group (-NH2)
    • Hydroxyl group (-OH)
19. Question 19
    • Because it takes a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
    • Because it is a nonpolar molecule.
    • Because it evaporates easily at room temperature.
    • Because it is a very small molecule.
20. Question 20
    • Attract electrons very strongly, making it highly reactive.
    • Readily dissolve in water.
    • Form four stable covalent bonds, allowing for a diverse range of complex molecules.
    • Form only single bonds with other atoms.
21. Question 21
    • Increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
    • Speeds up a chemical reaction.
    • Minimizes changes in pH when an acid or base is added.
    • Decreases the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution.
22. Question 22
    • Universal solvent properties
    • High specific heat capacity
    • Cohesion and adhesion
    • High heat of vaporization
23. Question 23
    • It has a net positive charge.
    • It is an isotope of oxygen.
    • It is an isotope of carbon.
    • It has an atomic number of 14.
24. Question 24
    • Ionic bonds within water molecules attract adjacent molecules strongly.
    • Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules and also between water and other polar surfaces.
    • Covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms create a rigid molecular structure.
    • Van der Waals interactions between nonpolar regions of water molecules hold them together.
25. Question 25
    • The buffer releases hydroxide ions to neutralize the added hydrogen ions, keeping pH nearly constant.
    • The buffer's weak base component combines with excess hydrogen ions, minimizing the change in pH.
    • The buffer absorbs the hydrogen ions by forming covalent bonds with them, permanently removing them from solution.
    • The buffer converts the strong acid into a weaker acid through a chemical reaction, preventing pH change.
26. Question 26
    • It causes the lake water to evaporate rapidly, cooling the surface and preventing overheating.
    • It makes the lake water denser as it warms, so warm water sinks and mixes nutrients evenly.
    • It reduces the formation of hydrogen bonds, allowing heat to dissipate quickly from the water surface.
    • It allows the lake to absorb large amounts of heat energy with only a small rise in temperature, maintaining a stable aquatic environment.
27. Question 27
    • Energy
    • Oxygen
    • Water
    • Carbon dioxide
28. Question 28
    • Starch
    • Glycogen
    • Chitin
    • Cellulose
29. Question 29
    • Unsaturated
    • Polyunsaturated
    • Hydrogenated
    • Saturated
30. Question 30
    • Their three fatty acid tails pack tightly into waterproof energy-storage droplets.
    • Their four fused carbon rings stack into rigid membrane sheets.
    • Their charged tails face water while their uncharged heads face inward.
    • Their hydrophilic heads face water and their hydrophobic tails cluster away from water.

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