Psychology Essentials

1. Question 1
   • The study of the soul and its connection to the body
   • The study of observable actions only, excluding internal mental states
   • The philosophical analysis of conscious experience
   • The scientific study of mind and behavior
2. Question 2
   • Argued that psychology should focus only on observable behavior
   • Established the first psychology laboratory and used introspection to study conscious experience
   • Wrote the first textbook on social psychology
   • Developed the theory of psychoanalysis
3. Question 3
   • Psychoanalytic theory
   • Functionalism
   • Behaviorism
   • Structuralism
4. Question 4
   • Biopsychology
   • Cognitive psychology
   • Humanism
   • Social psychology
5. Question 5
   • Structuralism
   • Cognitive psychology
   • Behaviorism
   • Psychoanalytic theory
6. Question 6
   • Psychological disorders are caused primarily by genetic factors
   • Social environment is the sole determinant of mental health outcomes
   • Only biological treatments are effective for psychological disorders
   • Biological, psychological, and social factors all interact to determine an individual's health
7. Question 7
   • Functionalism
   • Humanism
   • Structuralism
   • Behaviorism
8. Question 8
   • A publishing company that produces psychology textbooks
   • A government agency that funds psychological research
   • A professional organization representing psychologists in the United States, with a mission to advance and disseminate psychological knowledge
   • An international regulatory body that licenses clinical psychologists
9. Question 9
   • Obtain a license to practice clinical psychology independently
   • Fulfill the requirements for a master's degree in a specialized area
   • Broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
   • Transition from a research career to a teaching career at a community college
10. Question 10
    • A PhD places more emphasis on research, while a PsyD focuses more on clinical application
    • A PhD is required to teach, while a PsyD is required to practice therapy
    • A PsyD is a higher degree than a PhD
    • A PhD is only offered in experimental psychology, while a PsyD is offered in all areas
11. Question 11
    • Behaviorism
    • Functionalism
    • Structuralism
    • Psychoanalytic theory
12. Question 12
    • Structuralism used introspection; functionalism rejected introspection entirely.
    • Structuralism emphasized observable behavior; functionalism emphasized unconscious drives.
    • Structuralism was developed in the United States; functionalism was developed in Germany.
    • Structuralism focused on the basic elements of conscious experience; functionalism focused on the purpose of mental processes.
13. Question 13
    • The biomedical model
    • The behavioral model
    • The psychodynamic model
    • The biopsychosocial model
14. Question 14
    • Chocolate contains stimulants that always improve cognitive function
    • Memory is too complex to be measured in a scientific study
    • The study was likely funded by a chocolate company
    • Correlation does not imply causation; the relationship could be due to a third variable
15. Question 15
    • Sample; population
    • Experimental group; control group
    • Control group; experimental group
    • Independent variable; dependent variable
16. Question 16
    • Naturalistic observation
    • Archival research
    • Longitudinal research
    • Cross-sectional research
17. Question 17
    • Watching television causes poor reading comprehension
    • Poor reading comprehension causes people to watch more television
    • There is a strong negative relationship: more TV watching is associated with lower reading scores
    • There is a weak negative relationship between the two variables
18. Question 18
    • A case study
    • A survey
    • A double-blind study
    • Naturalistic observation
19. Question 19
    • Are told the true purpose of the study before it begins, even if it involves deception
    • Are informed about what to expect, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then give their consent to participate
    • Must complete the study once they have agreed to participate
    • Are never deceived under any circumstances
20. Question 20
    • Naturalistic observation
    • Laboratory observation
    • Case study
    • Survey research
21. Question 21
    • A negative correlation
    • An illusory correlation
    • A positive correlation
    • A cause-and-effect relationship
22. Question 22
    • Funding psychological research projects
    • Conducting research on animal behavior
    • Reviewing and approving research proposals involving human participants to ensure ethical standards are met
    • Publishing peer-reviewed journal articles
23. Question 23
    • Dependent variable
    • Control group
    • Confounding variable
    • Independent variable
24. Question 24
    • confirmation bias
    • observer bias
    • the placebo effect
    • experimenter bias
25. Question 25
    • destroy all data from the study
    • debrief participants by providing complete and truthful information about the experiment
    • withhold the true purpose of the study from participants permanently
    • obtain informed consent after the deception is revealed
26. Question 26
    • a controlled experiment with random assignment to groups
    • a survey about study habits and grades
    • a correlational study of social media use and anxiety
    • a naturalistic observation of classroom behavior
27. Question 27
    • a survey
    • archival research
    • naturalistic observation
    • a clinical or case study
28. Question 28
    • objectivity
    • reliability
    • validity
    • statistical significance
29. Question 29
    • longitudinal research
    • cross-sectional research
    • archival research
    • a case study
30. Question 30
    • Soma
    • Terminal button
    • Axon
    • Dendrite

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