Public Health Epidemiology Basics

1. Question 1
   • The treatment of individual patients with infectious diseases
   • The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems
   • The laboratory analysis of pathogenic microorganisms
   • The development of new pharmaceutical drugs for chronic diseases
2. Question 2
   • The clinician's patient is the community, while the epidemiologist's patient is the individual
   • Both focus on the same individual patient but use different treatment methods
   • The clinician's patient is the individual, while the epidemiologist's patient is the community
   • The epidemiologist only studies animal populations, not human patients
3. Question 3
   • Hippocrates
   • John Snow
   • William Farr
   • John Graunt
4. Question 4
   • Policy development
   • Clinical diagnosis and treatment
   • Public health surveillance
   • Field investigation
5. Question 5
   • Analytic studies
   • Evaluation
   • Public health surveillance
   • Linkages
6. Question 6
   • Environment
   • Host
   • Agent
   • Vector
7. Question 7
   • It appears in every sufficient cause or causal pathway for the disease
   • It is a factor that only increases the risk of disease but is not required
   • It is the most easily modifiable risk factor for the disease
   • It is a single factor that is sufficient by itself to cause disease
8. Question 8
   • He published the first quantified analysis of mortality data, noting patterns by sex, infant mortality, and seasonal variation
   • He developed the first vaccine against smallpox
   • He discovered the bacterium that causes cholera
   • He established the first public health surveillance system in the United States
9. Question 9
   • It is primarily concerned with laboratory analysis of pathogens
   • It focuses exclusively on the treatment of infectious diseases
   • It is a quantitative discipline that provides the foundation for directing public health action based on causal reasoning
   • It is a theoretical field with no practical applications
10. Question 10
    • Field investigation
    • Analytic studies
    • Policy development
    • Public health surveillance
11. Question 11
    • Analytic epidemiology uses a comparison group, while descriptive epidemiology does not
    • Descriptive epidemiology uses a comparison group, while analytic epidemiology does not
    • Descriptive epidemiology focuses on chronic diseases, while analytic epidemiology focuses on infectious diseases
    • Analytic epidemiology only uses experimental studies, while descriptive epidemiology only uses observational studies
12. Question 12
    • To compare disease rates between different age groups
    • To show the geographic distribution of cases and identify clusters
    • To calculate the incubation period of the disease
    • To display the number of cases over time
13. Question 13
    • Occupation
    • Urban versus rural residence
    • Season of the year
    • Date of symptom onset
14. Question 14
    • Exposure to the onset of symptoms
    • Exposure to the development of immunity
    • Onset of symptoms to recovery
    • Diagnosis to death
15. Question 15
    • Carrier
    • Fomite
    • Vector
    • Reservoir
16. Question 16
    • Developing the first case definition for surveillance
    • Conducting the first randomized controlled trial
    • Discovering the mode of transmission of cholera
    • Systematically collecting and analyzing Britain's mortality statistics, and developing basic practices for vital statistics and disease classification
17. Question 17
    • Variance
    • Standard deviation
    • Range
    • Median
18. Question 18
    • Median
    • Mean
    • Standard deviation
    • Mode
19. Question 19
    • Temperature in degrees Celsius
    • Marital status (single, married, divorced, widowed)
    • Number of children in a family
    • Blood type (A, B, AB, O)
20. Question 20
    • Infectious period
    • Generation time
    • Incubation period
    • Latency period
21. Question 21
    • Field investigation
    • Public health surveillance
    • Policy development
    • Analytic studies
22. Question 22
    • To manufacture pharmaceuticals
    • To develop new surgical techniques
    • To assess the health of a community and identify populations at increased risk
    • To provide individual patient care and treatment
23. Question 23
    • The historical occurrence of a disease in a specific geographic area
    • The progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment
    • The progression of a disease in a population over time
    • The genetic factors that influence disease susceptibility
24. Question 24
    • Specificity
    • Precision
    • Reliability
    • Sensitivity
25. Question 25
    • Limitations on time
    • Limitations on place
    • A mandatory requirement for genetic sequencing
    • Clinical criteria
26. Question 26
    • The incubation period of the disease
    • The number of cases
    • The size of the population at risk
    • The time period of symptom onset
27. Question 27
    • Occupation
    • Age
    • Marital status
    • Socioeconomic status
28. Question 28
    • Confirming the diagnosis of giardia in the cases
    • Determining the incubation period of giardia
    • Generating a hypothesis about the source of infection
    • Calculating the attack rate for the disease
29. Question 29
    • Point source outbreak
    • Secular trend
    • Epidemic period
    • Seasonality
30. Question 30
    • Identifying the exact cause of an outbreak
    • Determining the need for quarantine of contacts
    • Conducting a case-control study with high specificity
    • Ensuring that all possible cases are captured for surveillance

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